Physiology

 **Physiology** is one of the core subjects in **first-year MBBS**, focusing on how the human body functions. It covers various organ systems and their mechanisms. ### **Main Lessons in Physiology** #### **1. General Physiology** - Cell structure and functions - Homeostasis - Transport mechanisms (diffusion, osmosis, active transport) #### **2. Blood & Immune System** - Composition and functions of blood - RBCs, WBCs, and platelets - Hemoglobin and oxygen transport - Blood groups and transfusion - Immunity (innate and adaptive immunity) #### **3. Cardiovascular System (CVS)** - Structure and function of the heart - Cardiac cycle and heart sounds - Blood pressure regulation - ECG interpretation - Circulatory system and microcirculation #### **4. Respiratory System** - Mechanism of breathing - Lung volumes and capacities - Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport - Regulation of respiration #### **5. Renal Physiology** - Structure and function of kidneys - Urine formation - Acid-base balance and electrolyte regulation #### **6. Gastrointestinal (GI) Physiology** - Digestion and absorption of nutrients - Functions of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder - Movements of the GI tract #### **7. Endocrine System** - Functions of hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas) - Regulation of metabolism - Disorders of hormonal imbalances #### **8. Nervous System** - Neurons and neurotransmitters - Reflexes and synaptic transmission - Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic) #### **9. Muscular System** - Types of muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) - Neuromuscular transmission - Muscle contraction and its regulation #### **10. Reproductive Physiology** - Male and female reproductive hormones - Menstrual cycle and pregnancy physiology - Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

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