Biochemistry

**Biochemistry** is one of the foundational subjects in **first-year MBBS**, focusing on the chemical processes in the human body. It helps in understanding **metabolism, enzymatic reactions, and molecular biology**. ### **Main Lessons in Biochemistry** #### **1. Biomolecules** - Carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, glycogen) - Proteins (amino acids, peptides, structural proteins) - Lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids) - Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, nucleotides) #### **2. Enzymes & Metabolism** - Enzyme structure, function, and regulation - Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten equation) - Coenzymes and cofactors - Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport chain and ATP production #### **3. Vitamins & Minerals** - Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C) - Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) - Role of minerals (iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium) #### **4. Molecular Biology & Genetics** - DNA replication, transcription, translation - Genetic code and mutations - Recombinant DNA technology - PCR, gene therapy, and applications in medicine #### **5. Hormonal Biochemistry** - Insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism - Thyroid hormones and metabolism - Adrenal hormones (cortisol, adrenaline) #### **6. Clinical Biochemistry** - Liver function tests (LFTs) - Kidney function tests (KFTs) - Blood glucose regulation and diabetes - Lipid profile and cardiovascular diseases #### **7. Acid-Base Balance & Buffers** - pH regulation in the body - Buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers) - Respiratory and renal compensation

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Brachial Plexus

 ### **Brachial Plexus Made Easy!** The **Brachial Plexus** is a **network of nerves (C5-T1)** that supplies the **upper limb**. It is crucial for movements and sensations of the arm. --- ## **1. Structure of the Brachial Plexus (Mnemonic: Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer)** | **Part** | **Mnemonic** | **Components** | |----------|------------|--------------| | **Roots** | **R**andy | C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 | | **Trunks** | **T**ravis | Upper (C5-C6), Middle (C7), Lower (C8-T1) | | **Divisions** | **D**rinks | Each trunk has an **Anterior & Posterior Division** | | **Cords** | **C**old | Lateral, Medial, Posterior (named based on axillary artery) | | **Branches** | **B**eer | 5 Major Terminal Branches | --- ## **2. Major Branches & Their Functions** ### **1️⃣ Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5-C7)** ✔ **Motor:** Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis (**flexion of elbow**) ✔ **Sensory:** Lateral forearm ✔ **Injury:** Weak elbow flexion (e.g., stabbing injury) ### **2️⃣ Axillary Nerv...
Read more

Xrays

 No one knows the long-term effects of ultrasound use. Many practitioners feel that the technology is perfectly safe since studies of babies and their mothers have not determined any effects. Other practitioners are not so convinced of ultrasound safety and feel that judicious use is advised. Keep in mind that x-rays were in use for fifty years before the general public became aware of their negative effects. DES and thalidomide were initially thought to be safe, but it was later discovered that they were the root of cancer, sterility, and anomalies. The greatest risk of using ultrasound technology too much is that if an ultrasound raises a question about the health of the fetus, invasive and high-risk procedures and technologies may be used, which do carry obvious risks for the mother or her child. STUDIES Non-diagnostic ultrasound has demonstrated b8iological effects such as cell heating or thermal effects and cavitational activities using plants and animals. It is difficult to c...
Read more