Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) –

 ### **Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) – Study of Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders** **ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat)** is a clinical subject in **final-year MBBS** but its basics start in **second-year MBBS** with anatomy, physiology, and pathology of ENT structures. It covers **hearing disorders, sinus infections, throat conditions, head & neck cancers, and surgical procedures**. --- ## **Main Topics in ENT** ### **1. Anatomy & Physiology of ENT** - **Ear** – External (Pinna, Canal), Middle (Ossicles), Inner (Cochlea, Vestibular system) - **Nose** – Nasal cavity, Paranasal sinuses - **Throat** – Pharynx, Larynx, Vocal cords --- ## **Ear Disorders** ### **2. Diseases of the External Ear** - **Otitis Externa ("Swimmer’s Ear")** – Bacterial/Fungal infection of the outer ear - **Symptoms**: Ear pain, Discharge, Swelling - **Treatment**: Antibiotic ear drops, Pain relief - **Impacted Earwax (Cerumen)** - **Symptoms**: Hearing loss, Ear fullness - **Treatment**: Wax removal (Ear drops, Syringing) --- ### **3. Middle Ear Disorders** - **Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)** - **Acute (AOM)**: Viral/Bacterial infection (Common in children) - **Chronic (CSOM - Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media)**: **Perforated eardrum + Ear discharge** - **Treatment**: Antibiotics, Surgery (Myringoplasty) - **Otosclerosis (Fixation of Stapes Bone → Conductive Hearing Loss)** - **Treatment**: Stapedectomy surgery --- ### **4. Inner Ear Disorders** - **Meniere’s Disease (Vertigo, Tinnitus, Hearing Loss)** - **Cause**: Increased endolymph in inner ear - **Treatment**: Salt restriction, Diuretics, Betahistine - **Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma – Benign Tumor of Vestibular Nerve)** - **Symptoms**: Progressive **unilateral hearing loss, Tinnitus, Balance issues** - **Diagnosis**: MRI Brain - **Treatment**: Surgery --- ## **Nose & Sinus Disorders** ### **5. Rhinitis & Sinusitis** - **Allergic Rhinitis** – Sneezing, Runny nose, Nasal congestion - **Treatment**: Antihistamines, Nasal steroids - **Sinusitis (Acute/Chronic Infection of Sinuses)** - **Symptoms**: Facial pain, Nasal discharge, Headache - **Treatment**: Antibiotics, Decongestants ### **6. Epistaxis (Nose Bleeding)** - **Common Cause**: **Little’s Area (Kiesselbach’s Plexus) Bleeding** - **Treatment**: - Pinch nose, Ice packs - Nasal packing for severe cases ### **7. Nasal Polyps & Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS)** - **Nasal Polyps** – Soft tissue growth in the nose (Common in asthma, allergies) - **Treatment**: Steroid sprays, Surgery - **DNS** – Curved septum causing nasal blockage - **Treatment**: Septoplasty --- ## **Throat & Voice Disorders** ### **8. Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis** - **Acute Tonsillitis** – Bacterial infection (Strep Throat) - **Symptoms**: Fever, Sore throat, Enlarged tonsils with white patches - **Treatment**: Antibiotics (Penicillin) - **Chronic Tonsillitis** – Recurrent infections - **Treatment**: **Tonsillectomy (Surgical Removal of Tonsils)** ### **9. Laryngitis (Inflammation of Vocal Cords)** - **Symptoms**: Hoarseness of voice, Dry cough - **Treatment**: Voice rest, Steam inhalation, Hydration --- ## **Head & Neck Cancers** ### **10. Common ENT Cancers** - **Oral Cancer (Most common in tobacco users)** - **Symptoms**: Non-healing ulcers, White/Red patches (Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia) - **Treatment**: Surgery, Chemotherapy - **Laryngeal Cancer (Linked to Smoking & Alcohol)** - **Symptoms**: Persistent hoarseness, Difficulty swallowing - **Treatment**: Laryngectomy, Radiotherapy --- ## **ENT Surgeries & Procedures** - **Myringotomy** – Small cut in the eardrum for fluid drainage - **Tympanoplasty** – Eardrum repair surgery - **Septoplasty** – Correcting deviated nasal septum - **Tonsillectomy** – Tonsil removal surgery - **Tracheostomy** – Opening in the trachea for breathing support --- ## **Study Tips for ENT** ✅ **Use mnemonics** (e.g., **"OMEGA" for Otitis Media symptoms – Otalgia, Mastoid tenderness, Ear discharge, Gradual hearing loss, Aural fullness**) ✅ **Understand Audiograms & Hearing Tests** (Weber, Rinne Test) ✅ **Watch videos of common ENT procedures (Tonsillectomy, Myringotomy)** ✅ **Refer to Dhingra’s ENT textbook for MBBS** ---

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